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(1) Choi, H. K.,Cho, Y. H.,Lee, E. O.,Kim, J. W.,& Park, C. S. (2017). Phytosphingosine enhances moisture level in human skin barrier through stimulation of the filaggrin biosynthesis and degradation leading to NMF formation. Archives of dermatological research, 309(10), 795–803.
(2) Kim, S.,Hong, I.,Hwang, J. S.,Choi, J. K.,Rho, H. S.,Kim, D. H.,Chang, I.,Lee, S. H.,Lee, M. O.,& Hwang, J. S. (2006). Phytosphingosine stimulates the differentiation of human keratinocytes and inhibits TPA-induced inflammatory epidermal hyperplasia in hairless mouse skin. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.),12(1-3), 17–24. Kim
(3) Pavicic, T.,Wollenweber, U.,Farwick, M. and Korting, H.C. (2007), Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: an in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 29: 181-190.
PHYTOSPHINGOSINE
Phytosphingosines are classified as sphingolipids, which are found naturally in the stratum corneum in both their free form and as a component of the primary ceramide fraction. Phytosphingosines are known to strengthen the skin barrier.1Additionally, phytosphingosines have a moisturizing effect by influencing the filaggrin signaling pathway and promote the formation of natural moisturizing factors (NMF). (1)Furthermore, phytosphingosines in skincare show excellent clinical results for acne, based on both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. (2)(3)
(1) Choi, H. K.,Cho, Y. H.,Lee, E. O.,Kim, J. W.,& Park, C. S. (2017). Phytosphingosine enhances moisture level in human skin barrier through stimulation of the filaggrin biosynthesis and degradation leading to NMF formation. Archives of dermatological research, 309(10), 795–803.
(2) Kim, S.,Hong, I.,Hwang, J. S.,Choi, J. K.,Rho, H. S.,Kim, D. H.,Chang, I.,Lee, S. H.,Lee, M. O.,& Hwang, J. S. (2006). Phytosphingosine stimulates the differentiation of human keratinocytes and inhibits TPA-induced inflammatory epidermal hyperplasia in hairless mouse skin. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.),12(1-3), 17–24. Kim
(3) Pavicic, T.,Wollenweber, U.,Farwick, M. and Korting, H.C. (2007), Anti-microbial and -inflammatory activity and efficacy of phytosphingosine: an in vitro and in vivo study addressing acne vulgaris. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 29: 181-190.